Individual Subjectivity And The Question Of Selfhood Essay

Individual subjectivity and the question of selfhood have been common themes in Caribbean literature throughout the years, as the Caribbean has struggled to find its own identity. This search for selfhood is most evident in the work Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid. In this text, Lucy, a young woman from the Caribbean, moves to America to work as an au pair for a rich couple, Lewis and Mariah. However, she has not moved here for the money alone. Instead, Lucy is trying to escape her Caribbean roots and find a new identity in North America. To what extent, then, is Lucy able to change her selfhood? How malleable is a person’s individual subjectivity? To answer these questions, it is important to evaluate what affect various factors had on Lucy’s sense of self, paying close attention to her race and gender, the other people and the society that she chooses to surround herself with, and her own internal desire to change who she is. After exploring these topics, it should be safe to conclude that altering one’s individual subjectivity is extremely difficult, if not impossible, and Lucy is no exception. While there are many personal factors and situat ions that dictate Lucy’s experiences growing up and her opportunities in life, there are none as dominant as her gender and her race. Being a woman impacted Lucy in many ways, from her job opportunities to her sexuality. However, the impact of her gender on her life is most evident through her relationship with her mother. ThisShow MoreRelatedDisenfranchisement In â€Å"Franchise†. Isaac Asimov’S 19551170 Words   |  5 Pagessupercomputer, known as Multivac. In order to work, a single citizen is selected to answer a series of questions; Multivac uses that person’s responses along with other information to determine who the winner of an election is. This story works as a prime example of the concept of subjectivity as discussed in Jeffrey Nealon and Susan Searls Giroux’s book The Theory Toolbox. Nealon and Giroux define subjectivity by exploring the distinction between self and subject. The authors write that self is â€Å"that whichRead MoreThe Girl s Sense Of Desire2009 Words   |  9 Pagesattachment patterns. For him, the avoidant insecure attachment leading to a dismissive adult is masculinised: these adults tends to dismiss others and their own inner desire for the other, they limit their own affects hence remaining insensitive to the subjectivity of other and themselves. Their refusal to listen or sense feelings of other is a form of control, of domination in their relationships. Ambivalent insure attachment on the other hand, is associated with a feminised behaviour: these adults are caughtRead MoreA Human Body1315 Words   |  6 Pageshuman, an individual. She is just a cellular imitation of Rheya with some of her memories, based only on what Christ knows. After regenerating, Second Rheya states frantically, â€Å"In your memory you get to control everything†¦ even if you remember something wrong, I am predetermined to carry it out. I’m suicidal because that’s how you remember me.† So everything she was before Chris, the true individual of Rheya, is not included in this being. Of the many things Solaris shows us about subjectivity, one isRead MoreExistentialism and Its Role today799 Words   |  4 Pagesexistentialist writer who, in his article â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism,† discusses in detail what existentialism is, â€Å"a doctrine that makes human life possible and also affirms that every truth and every action imply an environment and a human subjectivity† (Sartre 18). From this quote we can infer that, everything said and done is subject to proper judgment. Sartre goes on to describe the views of an existentialist. An existentialist â€Å"states that if God does not exist, there is at least one beingRead MoreExistentialism and its Role Today1027 Words   |  5 Pagesexistentialist writer who, in his article â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism,† discusses in detail what existentialism is, â€Å"a doctrine that makes human life possible and also affirms that every truth and every action imply an environment and a human subjectivity† (Sartre 18). From this quote we can infer that, everything said and done is subject to proper judgment. Applying this to the BP Oil Spill, Sartre would say that an existentialist would belief that the decision of Offshore Drilling would causeRead More Heideggers Reading of Descartes Dualism Essay4357 Words   |  18 Pages Descartes is the first thinker who discovers the cogito sum as an indubitable and the most certain foundation and thereby liberates philosophy from theology. He is the first subjectivistic thinker in the modern philosophy and he grounds his subjectivity on his epistemology. The orientation of the philosophical problems with Descartes starts from the ego (the subject) because in the modern philosophy the subject is given to the knower first and as the only certain thing, i.e., the onlyRead MoreFrom the Mind to the Body, Self Comes to Mind1652 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginations of conscious thoughts in an introspective manner that is accessible to the self. A connection between mind and body eventually developed a proprietor within the thinking mind. The neuropsychologist Antonio Damasio believes that a mind with subjectivity is a conscious mind, otherwise one would not know of his existence, who he is, and what he thinks (Damasio, 2010). At some point in time, the mind developed feelings towards the experience of the connected â€Å"me†(Damasio, 2010). The human mind somehowRead MoreSocial Implications Of Psychoanalytic Theory Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagespsychoanalytic theory and suggest the importance of these theoretical ideas to social work practice. Furthermore, the subsequent questions and concerns which arise from the implications of the numerous avenues of the psychodynamic theory. They maintained constant themes throughout this process, such as, understanding the importance of human subjectivity, identity and selfhood; and the basic nature and the relationship between intimate attachments and the quality of social relationships; as well as theRead MoreMeaning Of Existentialism In Hamlet1446 Words   |  6 Pagescreate their own values and determine their own meaning to their life. It typically displays a dismal of abstract theories that seek to disguise the untidiness of actual human lives. It emphasizes the subjective realities of individual existence, individual freedom, and individual choice, and holds that the only way to assert one self over the absurd condition of humanity is through one’s own pronouncements. While such responsibility for ones actions brings about anguish in each person, the freedom Read MoreCultural Translation : The Location Of Culture1824 Words   |  8 PagesHumanities SLCE Master Program 2016/2017 Cultural Translation SADIK SAMLALI Homi K. Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994) INTRODUCTION â€Å"Locations of culture† In his book The Location of Culture (1994), Homi. K Bhabha tries to explore the question of how can we understand postcolonial cultures and to know where can we locate them. It is a seminal work that can be located within the sphere of multi-cultural awareness which emerged in 1990s to open horizons for studies on how hybridity and cosmopolitanism

Effects of Southern Racism in A Gathering of Old Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 865 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? The life of African Americans is not pleasant. Southern African Americans established a hard lifestyle due to the denial of equal rights because of racism. Most problems are centered in the South, which is not surprising for their racist devotion for decades. African Americans encounter with racism started a Southern rebellion against the issue. Ernest J. Gaines’s novel A Gathering of Old Men connects how racism affects the Southern United States. One of the effects of racism in the novel and the Southern United States is white superiority. According to Gaines, â€Å"What the hell did you say?† she asked Clatoo. â€Å"You know where you’re at? You know who you’re talking to? Get the hell off my place† (173). The white men brotherhood proves that discriminating African-American people evolved due to their inhuman fellowship ( Akins 70). Charlie implies the only safe route away from discrimination is the swamp indicating the terror of white superiority (Wardi 43). In Gaines words â€Å" I ain’t raising my hand against no white folks for no niggers† Griffin answered him† (195). Northern and Southern white men call black men yard dogs, confirming the novels white superiority (Akins 69-70). Beau’s brutal superiority towards the African American in the plantation illustrates his assassination by Charlie (Wardi 39). To summarize, white supremacy is a significant cause of racism in the novel and the Southern United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Southern Racism in A Gathering of Old Men" essay for you Create order Furthermore, racism also effects friendship in the novel and connection to the Southern United States. Gaines says, â€Å"I held on to one of his arms, and Cal was patting him on the back to console him. Then suddenly he just turned against Cal. Out of the blue, he looked at Cal like he suddenly hated him† (113). The father of the murderer lost his trust for the local newspaper editor supporting racisms effect on friendship ( Roosevelt 7). In â€Å"A Failure of Love,† the Catholic church shows how the white lady and man have no friendship towards African-Americans (Akins 68). Gaines adds, â€Å"She laid her hand on Mathu’s shoulder, soft like touching a flower. Mathu’s face never changed much, but he smiled when Candy touched him† (110). A father and store owner give the black community hope, but money establishes a risk in their intercultural friendship (Roosevelt 7-9). Lower class whites executed the rich folks’ work which argues th e sense of a white that killed a child affecting their friendship (â€Å"The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman† 21). In short, the effect racism has on friendship deteriorates everyone in the novel and the Southern United States. Moreover, Racism affects language in the novel and the Southern United States. According to Gaines, â€Å"And let those niggers stand there with guns, and we don’t accommodate them?† (145). The lost of war indicates the vague language white men used against African-Americans (â€Å"The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman† 20). In 1964 King was statemented hate for the whites for his toll against property rights arguing the racist language (Theoharis 46). Gaines shows, â€Å"I have no niggers, he said. Never had any niggers. Never wanted any niggers. Never will have any niggers. They belong to her† (159). Black students were shocked by the language a woman said when she indicated they would be poisoned ( â€Å"The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman† 25 ). Whenever a white mother lower her voice implies the language is toward African Americans (Akins 68). In brief, the language has evolved in society engaging violent racism towards minor rac es. Another effect of racism in A Gathering of Old Men is Southern power. Gaines states, â€Å"Black people get lynched, get drowned, get shot, guts all hanging out-and here he comes up with ain’t no proof who did it† (108). African-American traditions were greatly deterred by white men demonstrating the excessive power Southern Government gave white men ( Wardi 36). African Americans were denied their rights by any white master even a family burial implying overpower (Wardi 38). Gaines adds, â€Å"You send that nigger out here, and I’ll go home,†Luke will call back†(195). African American were victims of greater hazardous events after the loss against the union (â€Å"The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman† 20). African American were whipped to death for improper works illustrating the Southern overpower (â€Å"A Gathering of Old Men† 130). All in all, the South’s excessive increased racism throughout the united states. Finally, racism affects people in the book and the South based on appearance. According to Gaines, â€Å"Sure, he said. I suffer from dizzy spells, too, every time I shoot somebody. He looked over his shoulder toward the road† ( 110). The white American disgust towards the African-American appearance cause destruction in race, resulting in an increased racial society (Akins 65-66). An African-American teacher was murdered for his appearance and methods of teaching ( â€Å"The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman† 24). Gaines States, â€Å"He’s Mathu, Mapes said. But I represent the law. And I did find a dead man in his yard. That gives me the right to question even Mathu† (83). In the book Blues for Mister Charlie, a black man was murder for his appearance by white men after he whistled at a white lady (Roosevelt 1). White men spoke corruptly to the white women of the black man as original murderers (Roosevelt 16 ). Overall, appearance is affected b y racism in the book and the Souths’ regime.

Plato Paper Free Essays

string(220) " trim vine branches and a knife and many other instruments†¦But nothing so well, I take it, as a pruning-knife fashioned for this purpose†¦Must we not then assume this to be the work or function of that\? ’ \(103\)\." What is the nature of justice? Looking from Plato’s perspective justice can be broken down to its simplest forms. Plato starts where we start; with forms. Forms are the building blocks that build complex ideas and tell us the nature of those ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case Plato reveals his ideas on the nature of justice through forms. The nature of justice can be simplified to basic forms and rebuilt for everyone can understand. Early in discussion is the topic is consent. Consent must be under free will though. One can give consent under great pressures, which would ultimately be false.The way Plato described the natural city begins with need and consent. Everyone agrees to how their lives should be lead, and they all work together to achieve that. This interdependence is what the natural city thrives on. I’m on the side of Plato in his argument of the natural city. This logic is not only seen in cities but every day life. The idea of a city is similar to that of a team. Within a city and a team, each person has a particular job that helps others. If only one person were to do all the work a city would collapse and a team would lose.I believe that consent is comparable to cooperation. Again, a city must work together in order to progress, and give consent to one another for the good of the city. Of course one cannot lead and force others to consent, but for one to lead for the good of the city requires justice. After the establishment of consent, there is an issue of opinion versus fact. Basic knowledge is a key for a just city in the sense that there is a point at which people of a city may agree. Plato opens the idea of forms, basic knowledge common to all.People can agree on what a certain object may be, even though particular objects vary and perish, those objects are recognized by a form. These forms as Plato states are imprints that we conceive. We imagine what courage is by imaging a soldier holding his ground or an officer in the line of duty. These forms are not something we don’t originally know, but something we uncover through experience. These forms are not material, and do not fade. An object itself may perish, yet we still perceive what form an object was or will be due to our knowledge. As we said a desk is a desk; that is simple.So Plato challenges what justice is. The form of justice can be complicated through discussion and said to be perceived differently by people, but justice on simplest terms is common between us all. Justice may be helping another pick up the books they dropped, and injustice would be the person that knocked those books out of the person’s hands. The cause of justice can be described through morals of sorts, but can be easily distorted through words. So when Plato tells us that we have knowledge of these forms, though they are used to describe infinitely different situations, the forms are constant.I believe in this because I wouldn’t walk outside and call one tree a tree, then the next a basket. There are many trees, but the form of one is an imprint in my mind that I can picture without one in front of my face. The use of forms allows us to describe justice without twisting images as words tend to, just as sophist often did. Plato considers each person has an art in the city. He brings forth that one man is better at farming rather than making clothes. It wouldn’t make sense that a baker would take on the art of a doctor. ‘Again, would one man do better working at many tasks or one at one?†¦ he result, then, is that more things are produced, and better and more easily when one man performs one task according to his nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (151-153). Plato suggests that each person has something to offer the city; an art that they practice to serve others. The practice of an art though is to the benefit of the weaker by those who possess the intellect and just morals to serve their art. Since no single person can be self sufficient they depend on others for services. Arts of any kind are not only assigned to one person. For instance there is more than one doctor, and say both of those doctors treat a patient.The just doctor would prescribe medicine to his patient to make him better. That is the art of a doctor. The unjust doctor would let his desire for money control his art, so he would control his patient’s health for the extra gain of wealth. The cause of the injustice is greed and personal desire over one’s reason to act morally right. There is an argument that Plato faces suggesting that the just person is not intelligent and does not have morals. He presents that the just doctor would not try to outdo another doctor, unless that doctor was unjust.The unjust doctor would try to outdo everyone in his art, and by prescribing cheap and useless medicines he is not performing his art, he is not caring for his patient. If it was truly more profitable to be unjust, and the unjust were more intelligent and held virtuous, then there would be no world. With so much injustice there would be so much competition that society would dive itself out of existence. Therefore I believe in Plato’s stance, that those who posses an art are just, that there cause comes from seeking happiness through helping the weak and ensuring the longevity of society.By using forms Plato explains how an art, ruling or anything other, is assigned specially to a person. Plato replaces the art with simple instruments. ‘Once more, you could use a dirk to trim vine branches and a knife and many other instruments†¦But nothing so well, I take it, as a pruning-knife fashioned for this purpose†¦Must we not then assume this to be the work or function of that? ’ (103). You read "Plato Paper" in category "Papers" Like the pruning-knife, each person has an art that they can perform and are assigned to. Plato goes on to tell us that having that art or purpose has excellence or virtue. Of necessity, then, a bad soul will govern and manage things badly while the good soul will in all these things do well†¦And did we not agree that the excellence or virtue of soul is justice and its defect injustice?†¦ The just soul and the just man then will live well and the unjust ill? †¦Then the just is happy and the unjust miserable†¦But it surely does not pay to be miserable, but to be happy’ (105-107). In this aspect is more profitable to be just, as the just man has excellence, and performs his art for its proper function. Besides the fact that a person is designed for an art, is the cause that drives them.In these cities the people that perform arts receive money, so the question of money as a cause arises. Plato defends that the cause of an art is much simpler and less selfish than that. Cause is questioned because if cause behind the art is for money, then it is also for a number of other things. The unjust man would offer his services to gain the money because he wants power. The unjust man wants to control his patients so that he always has business and can force his will. The just man, who performs his art for the right cause has a much simpler desire. Ultimately the just man desires happiness.He performs his art to serve the weak, so that they are not at disadvantage. If no one is at disadvantage that the operation of a city is efficient, just, and has no cause for selfish desires. With a few principles in place Plato takes one more step. He talks about balance between just and unjust. Existences of complete just or unjust societies are not possible. It is true that there is an opposite of all forms. The opposite of love is hate, of desire is accomplishment, thus the opposite of justice is injustice. I believe that this principle cannot be debated. Picture first a completely unjust society, where each citizen cares for themselves.Before the city could advance it would already face collapse. The amount of stealing, lying and corruptness of arts would exist in each person. Therefore everyone is in constant competition with one another for their self desires. If each person were to attempt to become self sufficient then there would be great problems and too many obstacles for one person to face. On the other hand, imagine a complete just society. Each person has an art, wisdom and serves the weak. Yet, there would be no citizens at a disadvantage that require service, and the cause that drives the just people would not exist.In essence, there would be no purpose for arts, and basically no meaning to what a person does. With arts to serve the weaker the natural city emerges. One person works for the good of all, and in turn they are aided in what they need, so each person contributes what they can to the city. Everyone has a job, some that require a precise art, to create equality, so that no single person can unjustly take from those who deserve. Each person contributes what they make to the others, so that in return they receive what they need. At this point everyone’s needs are met and there is no need for a government, armies, protection and so on.In this version of the natural city there is no vision of growth, people are content and satisfied. This simple way of life becomes too little for some though, as citizens desire more. They desire tools of relaxation, the relishes, and more food. In order to have more possessions they need more land, so they must grow. The city begins to grow and expand until they reach land that is already occupied. This desire for the land they do not have is a sign of jealousy. Through this wrong desire, a city led without justice would take from another.In this deal one can see that the unjust would walk away more profitable, but the way this city continues to grow is a means to its end. There is a balance between the just and the unjust as Plato states. The world cannot be completely one or another, it is illogical. So if an unjust city was to continuously grow it would suffocate itself. The city would grow and continue to take without giving, until there is nothing left to take. Eventually the city would turn in and take from itself, and the people in this city destroy one another. Yet desire is natural, desire for dvancement and something better. The natural city can evolve but must be guided through justice. The luxurious cities that emerge next stem from desire. This luxurious city is what Plato believes he can define justice. ‘It is not merely the origins of a city, it seems, that we are considering but the origins of a luxurious city. Perhaps that isn’t such a bad suggestion either. For by observation of such a city it may be we could discern the origin of justice and injustice in states’ (161). The structure is based on a strong ruler who supports those close to him by governing the weaker.Arguments between Thrasymachus and Plato go back and forth about the ruler. Thrasymachus presents the idea that a ruler is unjust and rules only in favor of himself. Yet, Plato argues that rulers do not always govern for themselves. Because rulers are human they err, so consequently a ruler could pass laws for the benefit of a citizen. By passing the laws for the citizen they do not rule for themselves. Thrasymachus can only defend that a ruler is not a true ruler and is not in his right mind when he passes such laws, so that the art of ruling does not err. I support that a ruler is a ruler in any state of mind.I am with Plato in saying that a ruler can be just, that a ruler has a government for the people. It’s not unheard of that a ruler is unjust though; not everyone is made to be a ruler. Everyone differs due to their nature. Plato suggested the nature of people differs, and I believe that is unquestionable. Not everyone is designed the same, and everyone has a separate soul. Like the soul, each art is used in society due to its need, and every art has a proper function. Although the luxurious city emerges through desire, the formation can be just, and justice can be ever present.Eventually a city may face downfall due to its great desire and spiral towards injustice. If the city was a patient then, it would require a doctor. ‘Just as if, you should ask me whether it is enough for the body to be the body or whether it stands in need. That is the reason why the art of medicine has now been invented, because the body is defective and such defect is unsatisfactory’ (61). The city is like a body that can repair itself and functions properly due to its nature. At points though our body cannot overcome an illness and needs ssistance to continue. Like the doctor helps a patient to manage their body, a ruler and government are in place to adjust the city in such a way it practices justice. Those who protect and manage the weak and those of the arts are what Plato calls guardians. The guardians are the strongest of those in the society, and make up less than ten percent of the population. This small number is taken from birth and trained like Spartans to be fierce, strong, and wise. This guardian class is not an art in the same way that being a cobbler is an art.The guardians must have four aspects; they must show sobriety, wisdom, courage, and justice. These four principles dictate the life of the guardian, as they are in place to serve the weak and defend their city. Plato has already made the statements that the guardian class must be strong physically if they are to be guardians, but they must have an even stronger mind. The guardians are not protectors against an imaginary foe, the guardians will do battle; they will be situations where they take life, and in ones that they may lose theirs. For this reason the guardians must not fear death.The guardians have fear though, for that is the opposite of courage. They are taught to fear slavery, for in death there is glory and a kind god. The guardians are censored from much culture that is exposed to others. Beyond being censored from evils, the music and stories they listen to are controlled. Stories would not tell tales that would distract the guardians from the values instilled in them. Also tales of the gods must be altered, so that the gods are not depicted as fighting with one another. If the guardians saw the corruption between gods, they would not strive to emulate them. Neither must we admit at all that gods war with gods, and plot against one another and contend – for it is not true either – if we wish our future guardians to deem nothing more than shameful than lightly to fall out with one another; still less must we make battles of gods and giants†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (181). Plato believes that the music should promote liberalness, that is to say giving. He states that the guardians are a giving class, and should not have possessions. Without possessions this eliminates desires such as jealousy or envy between guardians. Guardians own no land, nor do they have families or children.Without such attachments the guardians are able to be ‘high-minded’ and become a truly fearless and free warrior. Plato goes so far as to say that the guardians should not be affected by the death of any family or friend. This requirement I believe would go against other teachings of the guardians. Not to feel for those deaths would be showing no compassion, and I believe the guardians should show great compassion for those they protect and serve. They do however have to endure pain, and have the ability to tolerate hardships. If a guardian is able to face that someone close to them is gone then they show great courage.Guardians may be held at higher standards, and train to endure and push, yet they feel pain just as any other human. After detailing the characteristics of the city, Plato continues by stating a class arrangement. The city has three classes; of the guardians, there are the counselors and then there are the warriors, and of the wage earners. The wage earners have been described before as those who have such arts to serve the weak and each other, and the warriors, just noted, are physical guardians. The counselors are the old and wise that govern the city, and control the other classes.This higher class must hold great virtue, and must be just in order to ensure the fate of the city. Summing up all the values that Plato teaches, these three classes are all individuals with basic knowledge, yet differ by nature. The difference in those destine for each class are their souls. Plato tells us that each soul has a place in life. In the myth of the medals Plato describes the existence of different souls together. A person is born with one of three metals in their soul. Those with bronze souls belong to the wage-earners; silver souls belong to the warriors; gold souls belong to the counselors.These souls are different, yet they all must function together in the city. Again, I find much sense in this; different souls lead to different nature, which determines what placement in society a person should have. The souls also have three different parts; reason, spirit and desire. Like the guardian class our soul holds the principles of wisdom, courage and sobriety, respectively. Our soul, also like the city, requires balance, because without balance one is inclined to injustice. The All things considered, Plato says that justice can be defined now. Originally I imagine justice and injustice as right versus wrong, but that statement can change and be debated greatly because right and wrong differs by opinion. Since we all have different natures and different souls, our view of right and wrong are in regard of those differences. Plato states that there is a different definition for justice. He says that justice is for a soul to have proper fitting, and that injustice is for a soul to be out of place. It would be unjust for a bronze soul to be anything than a wage earner, especially a counselor, which would be the greatest injustice. How to cite Plato Paper, Papers

Research Proposal Hand Hygiene

Question: Discuss about the Research Proposal Hand Hygiene. Answer: Introduction The importance of the hand washing in the care of the patient was conceptualized back in the early 19th Century. The first to provide the hand decontamination was Labarraque who reduced the incidence of the puerperal fever as well as the maternal mortality (Aiello, Coulborn, Perez, and Larson, 2008). The first clinic, which was attended by the medical student, was the Great hospital in Vienna back in 40s. There was adapting that washing of the hands with the chlorinated lime for those leaving the autopsy room could reduce the rate of maternal mortality. Aim, rationale Good health has been because of combination of various aspect such as the hand hygiene. Hands are usually the most used organ of the body. Based on the recommendations, which are given by the World Health Organization, the hand hygiene is the most significance way of controlling infection especially in hospitals. Due to the critical role carried by the nurse in the patient care, they should always have essential as well updated information in regards to the hand hygiene. An individual barely passes without holding multiple objects with the hands, such as greeting people, holding money, eating and cleaning of our houses with the use of our hands. It is likely our hands are at the exposure of the germs than any other part of our body. Nonetheless, it is easy for the germs to be picked thorough our hands to other parts of the body through oral transmission. This has been because we usually use our hands, especially when eating thus we could ingest the germs with the food which we are co nsuming. The organ, which is prone for the infections passed through the hands, is the stomach. Many individuals usually complain from time that they have a stomachache or perhaps they are experiencing diarrhea. All these infections are attributed from the poor hand hygiene, and it is significant to maintain good hygiene through constant washing of the hands using medical hand wash such as Dettol hand wash, which should be done before or perhaps after using hands in various activities. This ensures that the hand are always clean and there are no germs, which are transferred to the hands into our mouth especially when we are eating. The hand hygiene should always start from the health professionals, such as the nurses who are experts and they are expected to show a good example to the patients. This paper will be expected to research on the standards of the nurses hand hygiene in a New York hospital. Purpose of the statement The nurses as the health professionals are entitled to always promote the health living practices of all the citizens. One way they could achieve this is through promoting of practices of proper hygiene such as the hand hygiene. These practices should be carried out both in the place of work and at home. The nurses should act as the ambassadors of promoting of good hygiene practices. The patients could easily copy what the nurses are undertaking in the hospital and in return, they are able to reduce the chances of getting infections in order to ensure there is no proper hygiene. This research will undertake a research on the hygiene practices of the nurses in New York hospital on whether they are advocating good hygiene or if they are not. Provision of a good example to the patients and other citizen shows that the nurses are following ethical practices and they are advocating for the changes to reduce on the infection, which result from poor hygiene. Significance of maintaining hand hygiene Hand hygiene helps the patients to keep away from the ailments, which result from the poor hand hygiene. This will help to save on the costs of treatment as well as increase productivity from the population who are healthy due to maintained health status. Therefore, having a proper hand hygiene is the most significant yet simplest as well as least expensive method of reduction of the prevalence of ailments. There are several studies which have highlighted that hand washing is the vital way of elimination of pathogens on the hands which ultimately reduce on the rate of the ailments. Statement of the problem The hypothesis of the project proposal: has most nurses in the New York hospital facility embraced the proper hygiene practices such as washing of hands. There has been a rise in the number of infections, which have resulted from improper hygiene of the hand in the New York of recent. The nurses have also not been left from the infections an example two nurses have been admitted to the facility and they were complaining of the severe stomach pains, of which these ailments have resulted from using unclean hands when ingesting of the food. This has raised a health concern in the hospital. In such an occurrence if such ailment could sweep the health professional there are a high chance it will happen the same to the other citizens. There has been many expenses which have been incurred especially for the treatment of such ailments due to poor hand hygiene. The cause, which has been associated with this situation, is due to the poor hand hygiene. Many stomach infections result from the ingesting germs into our body system through the food that is eaten. The hands are the organs, which are used for eating, and the germs could be picked through the hands and transferred to the mouth as one eats. In one do not maintain proper hygiene then there is a risk of infection. If these occurs the government will be forced to channel, many resources towards treatment of these infections that could arise which otherwise could have been prevented at no cost. A high number of individual who are suffering from an infections result to low productivity in the workforce, standards of living of these individuals also deteriorate and these individuals are not able to meet there daily needs (World Health Organization, 2009). Many may perceive hand hygiene as just a trivial matter, but the effects from improper hygiene could cause ramification impact to many people who are affected. Infection usually inflict a lot of suffering as well as threaten the general body functions. The benefits of preventing these infection is important; this should begin with the health professional who act as an example to the patients. Method of the research The research follows theorist approach, which is the nursing theories called Dorothea Orem self-care theory. The self-care has been regarded are those personal practices which could be done independently in order to promote the health of an individual, such as hand washing. Most people could assume it just as a mere practice but it could save one some cost. It can only be achieved when a person has an agency with the self-care (World Health Organization, 2012). An individual should have a personal initiative in order to perform the self-care practices and if deficit occurs, it could lead to self-care, which can cause ill health of a person. When one become sick, the nurse should be expected to meet all the healthcare needs of the patients and teach, give support and provide an environment, which is good for them to achieve self-care practices (Pittet, Hugonnet, Harbarth, Mourouga, Sauvan, Touveneau and Perneger, 2000). Moreover, the nurse could also provide a compensatory package to help the patient to fully recover (O'Boyle, Henly and Larson, 2001). The patient could be helped in achieving of the self-care through setting a good role model to them. The nurses are usually the first individuals to embrace self-care practices to the patients and it is expected of them to do all they can for the patients to enable them to feel better. Literature review On the literature review, I have reviewed journal, which relates to the hand hygiene of the health care experts. In accordance to Larson (1995), highlights the guidelines, which the nurses should use in order to ensure hand hygiene is maintained. Moreover, he has also recommended that the nurses should set good examples to the patients as well as other citizens. The nurses should always observe a good hand hygiene, through washing of hands with the use of recommended antiseptics that could destroy the germs that are on the hands (World Health Organization, 2012). The author has also highlighted difference cases of infections to the healthcare provides which results to poor hygiene (Sax, Allegranzi, Uckay, Larson, Boyce and Pittet, 2007). This should set example to the patients on the best standards, which are expected in order to be able to curb the ailments. Further, in accordance to Pittet and Boyce (2002), highlights that hand washing is one of the most efficient as well as an eff ective way of preventing of the infections. Most of the stomach ailments usually results from the poor practices of washing of the hands. Many individuals including the health professionals usually ignore this especially when one leaves the toilet (Whitby, Pessoa-Silva, McLaws, Allegranzi, Sax, Larson, Seto, Donaldson and Pittet, 2007). The author highlights that before one eats the food they should wash their hands well. Additionally, the nurses should be at the forefront to make sure patients are provided proper self-care practices ( Boyce, J.M., 1999). An experiment, which had been done by Hazy and Wang (1998), in a hospital showed that even the nurses themselves do not observe good self-care especially washing of the hands. The observation, which was made, was that the nurses did not always wash hands when they left the restroom. The effect of this situation could worsen to the patients because the nurses used the same hands to administered prescriptions to the nurses and if the y hand germs it could be transferred to them. Based on the survey carried out in a hospital by Perneger and Mourouga (1999) to educate the nurses showed that the instructors as well as the trainee nurses were not observing proper hand hygiene. This clearly showed that it is not a good example to the patient since they are bound to show proper practices as healthcare providers. In accordance to Pittet (2000), he has provided some recommendations on ways the healthcare providers in healthcare could improve on the hand hygiene. Such recommendation are the hygiene standards in the hospital should be very high in order for the patients to learn from the same. The nurses could offer the guidelines, as well as educate the patient on how they could improve on their self-care practices. Expected outcome/results It is expected that the nurses in New York hospital facility do not observe hygiene hand wash requirements as required. The basis of this point is the situation few months ago observed of the nurses who were suffering from the stomach ailments in the hospital, hand-washing practice in the hospital is indeed in doubt (Lankford, Zembower, Trick, Hacek, Noskin and Peterson, 2003). Moreover, it is also very evident that there is a high increase in the cases of the stomach ailments admissions to the hospital. This shows the hospital has not embraced full the campaign of promoting a health hygiene practices. Based on the review of the literature it has clearly showed that many of the nurses are reporting just the practices of the hand hygiene to the patient but they themselves are not embracing what they stand for. It is also expected based on the literature that the nurses have not complied fully the concepts of self-care. Design of the research Carrying of this research undertaking will be the nurses in central New York health facility. The data collection will take approximately a week. There would be a preliminary visit to the health institution prior before carrying the research (Pittet, 2001). Ten nurse will be randomly selected for the research from the population of the nurses in the hospital. The collection method for the data will be through interviews and observation (Haas, and Larson, 2007). The interviews carried out will be on the issues of the compliance to the self-care requirements. The washing of the hand patterns of the nurses will be observed especially the ones who are leaving areas such as rest room, or perhaps during meals as well as when the patients are being administered the drugs. The information gotten will be recorded in the note for the purpose of the analysis. Through use of the tables will be undertaken in order to show compliance of the nurses who wash hands to the various subsections of obser vations (Haas and Larson, 2007). After carrying of the analysis, it would be projected to the entire population basing on the compliance of the nurses to wash hands. There would be a move on how these nurses promote the health care practices to the patients and a level indicated on each one of them. Recommendation will also be provided on how to improve the self-care of the patients. Conclusion The practice of hand hygiene has been one of the self-care requirement, which can go a long way especially when keeping most of the infections at a bay. It is the work of the nurses to work relentlessly in order to promote self-care practices and they should set a good example to the patients on hand hygienic. In maintaining a population that is, healthy there would be achievement of economic growth which will be realized from individuals who are energetic and resources which would have been channeled to the health sector would be devoted to other sectors. References. Aiello, A.E., Coulborn, R.M., Perez, V. and Larson, E.L., 2008. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. American journal of public health, 98(8), pp.1372-1381. Boyce, J.M., 1999. It is time for action: improving hand hygiene in hospitals. Annals of internal medicine, 130(2), pp.153-155. Haas, J.P. and Larson, E.L., 2007. Measurement of compliance with hand hygiene. Journal of Hospital Infection, 66(1), pp.6-14. Lankford, M.G., Zembower, T.R., Trick, W.E., Hacek, D.M., Noskin, G.A. and Peterson, L.R., 2003. 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